Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth . ) grows widely in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia (Mukhlisi et al., 2018). Kratom is currently a hot topic of discussion due to its health, social, economic, and ecological implications. The controversy stems from the increasing number of kratom users and the rapid growth in global trade. in side other There is concern to effect side the use of kratom has been linked to the discovery of several cases of health problems.
Kratom including to in ethnic group Rubiaceae like plant
Coffee. Morphologically, kratom is a tree with a straight trunk and
brownish-gray bark (Secretariat, 2017). The color of the veins and veins of the
leaves is a distinguishing feature, as there are two types: green and
reddish-brown (Shellard and Lees, 1965). Kratom thrives in areas near rivers on
alluvial soil rich in organic matter. Kratom is not an aquatic plant, but it
has the ability to survive when the land is occasionally flooded. In Kapuas
Hulu, kratom is widely planted in yards, but large-scale cultivation is carried
out in gardens and on land near rivers.
A study of the chemical compounds found in the kratom plant successfully isolated 57 types of compounds, 40 of which are alkaloids. And identified become 2 group namely alkaloid Indoleand oxindole. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are indole alkaloid compounds, which are the main compounds in the kratom plant (Meireles et al., 2019). Mitragynine is found in greater quantities in on part leaf with level very varies, It depends on where it grows. Kratom from Thailand contains 66% mitragynine, from Malaysia 12%, and Indonesia, specifically Kapuas. Hulu as big as 54% from level total alkaloids (Raini, 2017). Research related to 7-hydroxymitragynine levels has not been widely disclosed. There is One study Which show that kratom leaves origin Thailand own content 7-hydroxymitragynine 1.6 % of the total alkaloids. Other compounds identified in kratom plants include flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, triterpenoid saponins, monoterpenes, glucopyranosides, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and doukosterol (Gogineni et al., 2014).
Kratom is traditionally used in Malaysiaand Thailand for pain relief, relaxation, diarrhea, fever reduction, And reduce level sugar blood (Veltri And Grundmann,
2019). Users in Thailand mention
besides give effect stimulant,
consumption kratom produce feeling Which pleasant (Griffin,
2018). In Indonesia, kratom is traditionally used to increase stamina, treat pain, rheumatism, gout, hypertension,
symptoms stroke, diabetes, difficult Sleep, wound,
diarrhea, cough, cholesterol, typhoid, and increases appetite (Wahyono, 2012; Wahyono, 2015). Increasing usage kratom in public push Research
has been conducted on the positive and negative aspects of kratom use. Some
empirical properties that have been tested include strong analgesic effects,
sedative effects, immune system enhancement, stimulant and antidepressant
effects, and use in pregnant women. And breast-feed as well as potential abuse And effect
withdrawal (symptoms) separated drug). Method usage leaf kratom
can chewed,
It can be brewed like tea, smoked as a
cigarette, and ingested as compressed tablets or capsules. Some reports also
suggest that kratom may be used as a treatment for opioid addiction.
Use kratom generally with chew, or Squeeze
dried kratom and then brew it like tea. Low doses of kratom provide effect stimulant, whereas
dose tall provides a sedative effect. This effect is
caused by the compounds mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine
is responsible for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, psychoactive,
and opioid properties. These psychoactive properties make kratom potentially
abused and vulnerable. Kratom abuse has been reported to result in seizures,
acute psychosis, and death (Vermaire et al., 2019). However, in recent years,
the use of kratom as a recreational drug has
grown in popularity worldwide. Kratom is widely considered a safe and legal
psychoactive product, capable of improving mood, reducing pain, and providing
benefits in the treatment of opiate addiction (Warner et al., 2016).
According to Larson (2019), regulations on
kratom use vary from country to country. Some countries prohibit the
distribution and use of kratom, but many countries do not prohibit it or only
restrict its use . usage And prohibition done with The kratom plant is classified as a narcotic plant, as in several states in the
United States and Europe. In Asia, particularly South and Southeast Asia,
several countries have already included it. kratom in group narcotics. However lately this is Malaysia And Thailand currently study repeat classification The kratom plant is in the narcotic plant group.
Based on the Decree of the Head of BPOM
Number HK.00.05.23.3644 year 2004 about Provision
Principles of Supervision of Food Supplements and Circular Letter of the
Deputy for Supervision Drug Traditional, Cosmetics And Product
Supplement No.
HK.04.4.42.421.09.16.1740 of 2016 concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Mitragyna speciosa
(Kratom) in Drug Traditional and Health Supplements, kratom leaves are
included in the prohibited ingredients For product
drug traditional And supplement food.
So far, there are no regulations prohibiting the cultivation and
distribution of either kratom in crumb or powder form.
Kratom worth economy
tall Because request
export as a herbal medicine
that has increased in recent years. The scope of use will be wider if it can be
developed into a material standard drug natural national
For fulfil need drug in service health. Mark economy
Which obtained No just from the value sell powder leaf kratom. Kratom in
a way wide give Ecological
impacts include increasing green space to increase carbon storage in the soil,
preventing erosion, storing groundwater, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
All of these have significant economic value, contributing to sustainable
development.
Indonesia's future economic growth and
stability are overshadowed by the threat of environmental and social impacts
due to the influence of change climate,
decrease diversity Biodiversity and land use change. Indonesia
is a member of the global agreement on sustainable development ( Sustainable Development Growth ), which
includes implementing the green economy concept. The use of land by the people
of West Kalimantan as a kratom center is one answer. challenge growth economy
green. Growth economy
The community shows positive signs in the form of improvements in the farmers' economy kratom Which previously down consequence the decline rubber prices. Social changes in society occurred as a result of increased rubber fields Work And income in sector agriculture kratom And accompanying service opportunities.
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